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2025  •  Journal Article

The evolution of lithium-ion battery recycling

Recycling techniques are essential to addressing the challenge of resource sustainability associated with the rising demand for lithium-ion batteries. This Review discusses industrial and developing technologies for recycling and using recovered materials from spent lithium-ion batteries.
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10.1038/s44359-024-00010-4
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Field Citation Ratio (FCR): Compares the citation count to other similarly aged publications in the same field. An FCR greater than 1.0 indicates above-average citations.

Relative Citation Ratio (RCR): A metric that compares an article’s citation performance to that of others in the same area.

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