The million electric cars sold in 2017 will produce 250,000 tonnes of unprocessed battery pack waste in their lifetime. We must act now.

The landmark paper "Recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles," published in Nature (2019) and cited over 3,000 times, serves as a foundational technical baseline for contemporary battery policy. By detailing the immense waste-management challenges alongside the secondary resource opportunities of spent batteries, this research has directly informed the shift from voluntary recycling to strict legislative mandates globally.